In this section, we will present several programming examples that illustrate the modernization of relay systems. We will also present examples relating to new PLC control implementations. These examples will deal primarily with discrete controls. The next section will explain more about analog I/O interaction and programming.
CONTROL PROGRAMMING AND PLC DESCRIPTIONS
Modernization applications involve the transfer of a machine or process’s control from conventional relay logic to a programmable controller. Conventional hardwired relay panels, which house the control logic, usually present maintenance problems, such as contact chatter, contact welding, and other electromechanical problems. Switching to a PLC can improve the performance of the machine, as well as optimize its control. The machine’s “new” programmable controller program is actually based on the instructions and control requirements of the original hardwired system. Throughout this section, we will use the example of a midsized PLC capable of handling up to 512 I/O points (000 to 777 octal) to explain how to implement and configure a PLC program. The I/O structure of the controller has 4 I/O points per module. The PLC has eight racks (0 through 7), each one with eight slots, or groups, where modules can be inserted. Figure 22 illustrates this configuration.
The PLC can accept four-channel analog input modules, which can be placed in any slot location. When analog I/O modules are used, discrete I/O cannot be used in the same slot. The PLC can also accept multiplexed register I/O. These multiplexed modules require two slot positions and provide the enable (select) lines for the I/O devices.
Addresses 000 through 777 octal represent input and output device connections mapped to the I/O table. The first digit of the address represents the rack number, the second digit represents the slot, and the third digit specifies the terminal connection in the slot. The PLC detects whether the slot holds an input or an output.
Point addresses 1000(8) to 2777(8) may be used for internal outputs, and register storage starts at register 3000(8) and ends at register 4777(8). Two types of timer and counter formats can be used—ladder format and block format—but all timers require an internal output to specify the ON-delay output. Ladder format timers place a “T” in front of the internal output address, while block format timers specify the internal output address in the block’s output coil. Throughout the examples presented in this section and the next, we will use addresses 000(8) through 027(8) for discrete inputs and addresses 030(8) through 047(8) for discrete outputs. Analog I/O will be placed in the last slot of the master rack (0) whenever possible. During the development of these examples, you will discover that sometimes the assignment of internals and registers is performed parallel to the programming stages.
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